Instanton-phobia (part 3)
In this post, we describe how ASD connections on four-manifolds relate to Chern-Simons theory on three-manifolds. Suppose that we have a smooth four-dimensional cobordism $W : Y_1 \to Y_2$ between homology three-spheres and consider the trivial $SU(2)$ bundle on $W$. Just like for closed manifolds, we can count ASD connections on $W$. The very rough idea is that an ASD connection restricts to a flat connection on the $Y_i$, and we can use it to relate the Chern-Simons invariants of $Y_1$ and $Y_2$. (I lied a little, but I explain the issue in a technical point below.) At the end of this post, we'll show that there is no simply-connected homology cobordism from the Poincare sphere to itself. Get pumped! Let's be a little more precise with our gauge theory now. For a connection $A$ on $W$, we can measure its energy: $$ \mathcal{E}(A) = \int_W F_A \wedge F_A. $$ If you don't like the formula, there are two relevant fa...